Ab-Initio and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Capturing the Thermodynamic, Kinetics, and Thermomechanical Behavior of Galvanized Low-Alloy Steel

A seven-element Modified Embedded Atom Method (MEAM) potential comprising Fe, Mn, Si, C, Al, Zn, and O is developed by employing a hierarchical multiscale modeling paradigm to simulate low-alloy steels, inhibition layer, and galvanized coatings. Experimental information alongside first-principles calculations based on Density Functional Theory served as calibration data to upscale and develop the MEAM potential. For calibrating the single element potentials, the cohesive energy, lattice parameters, elastic constants, and vacancy and interstitial formation energies are used as target data. The heat of formation and elastic constants of binary compounds along with substitutional and interstitial formation energies serve as binary potential calibration data, while substitutional and interstitial pair binding energies aid in developing the ternary potential. Molecular dynamics simulations employing the developed potentials predict the thermal expansion coefficient, heat capacity, self-diffusion coefficients, thermomechanical stress-strain behavior, and solid-solution strengthening mechanisms for steel alloys comparable to those reported in the literature. Interfacial energies between the steel substrate, inhibition layer, and surface oxides shed light on the interfacial nanostructures observed in the galvanizing process

A Study of Effective Factors Over Routing Protocols for MANET

A network which does not require any fixed pre-existing infrastructure and can be defined as a set of mobile nodes is called MANET. In MANET mobile nodes are communicating through wireless medium. In MANET all mobile nodes behaves as router and when required they takes part in discovery and maintenance of the route to the other node. One of the major challenges in designing a routing protocol for the MANET is to determine a packet route; a node needs to know at least about its neighbors. On the other hand in MANET wireless networks conditions changes frequently with time due to the mobile nodes thus routing becomes a challenging task. To serve this purposes various proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols are developed by researchers. Among all AODV, DSR, DYMO and ZRP are well known popular routing protocols and have been standardized by the IETF MANET WG. ZRP is a well known hybrid routing protocol. To understand its suitability we must understand its behavior under various real time conditions. This paper study some propagation model and fading model and also describes two main characteristic of wireless channel path loss and fading. This paper also focuses on some other important factors that affect the performance of MANET. These important factors are battery model, Radio Model, Queue model and Mobility model. Thus, the goal is to carry out a systematic performance comparison of ad-hoc routing protocols under these factors in terms of QoS metrics such as average end-to-end delay, throughput and average jitter

Sacrohysteropexy Using Mesh for Uterovaginal Prolapsed in Women Who Wish to Retain Uterus

Objective: to study the ongoing results of sacrohysteropexy with Teflon mesh for treatment of uterovaginal prolapse in women who desire to preserve their uterus.Study Design:Cross sectional study.Place and Duration:Study was conducted in Gynacology department of Nishtar hospital, Multan, POF Hospital Rawalpindi and Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi in one year duration from April 2016 to April 2017.Methodology: A total number of three hundred and eighty two(n=382) patients.Patients who desired to retain their uterus were evaluated by standard questionnaire, general physical examination and opturodynamic techniques. Six main outcome variables were assessed: Stress incontinence, urgency, urge incontinence, prolapse symptoms, constipation and dyspareunia. All these variables were assessed on basis of their severity. Data was analysed by using SPSS version 24. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant.Results:in our study we observed outcome variables as stress incontinence, urgency, urge incontinence after sacrohysteropexy, observation was made on basis of relief from symptoms as mild and moderate 28.5% and 0.3%, 15.2% and 8.4%, 8.6% and 9.2% respectively. Constipation was noted as mild, moderate and severe 32.2%, 7.6% and 8.9% respectively.  Dyspareunia was noted as mild and moderate 24.1% and 0.5% respectively. All of these values are lessen when compared with pre-operative baseline values.Conclusion:Results of our study revealed that sacrohysteropexywith Teflon mesh is an effective and successful procedure for patients who were facing uterovaginal prolapse symptoms but desired to retain their uterus for fertility or childbearing. Keywords: Sacrohysteropexy, Uterivaginal prolapse, Teflon mesh, Stress incontinence, Constipation

Outcome of Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy in the Management of Chronic Fissure in Ano

Objective: to assess the outcome of lateral internal Sphincterotomy in the management of chronic fissure in ano.Study Design: Cross sectional StudyStudy Place and Duration: Department of General Surgery Nishtar hospital, Multan, POF Hospital Rawalpindi and Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi from 12th January 2018 to 15th July 2018.Material and methods: A total number of 140 patients were enrolled in the study. Data regarding age, sex, day of operation, duration of postoperative hospital stay, position of the fissure in ano and mean follow up period was measured and recorded in the form of a performed performa. A designed questionnaire was provided to the patients, which contained questions regarding the level of satisfaction, need of further treatment, leakage of gas, fluid or feces and development of symptoms consistent with the symptoms of the previous fissure in ano. Data analysis; the data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using computer software SPSS version 23. Frequency and percentages were calculated for qualitative variables while mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative variables.Results: Postoperatively, 17 (12.1%) patients complained of painful defecation and 9 (6.4%) patients complained of bleeding and only 12 (8.6%) needed medical treatment for these complaints. Postoperative incontinence to flatus was seen in 11 (7.8%) patients and 8 (5.7%) patients complained of incontinence to flatus and fluids. Only 2 (1.4%) patients complained of incontinence to feces. Overall new incidence of incontinence was seen in 5 (3.6%) of the patients.Conclusion: Outcome of lateral internal sphincterotomy are excellent as it is associated with a very low rate of incontinence, bleeding or painful defecation postoperatively and thus it improves the quality of life among the patients of chronic fissure in ano. It can be suggested that lateral internal Sphincterotomy is a safe and effective procedure for chronic fissure in ano. Keywords: Outcome, Lateral, Internal, Sphincterotomy, Management, Chronic, Fissure, Ana

Factors Affecting job satisfaction of employees in Pakistani banking sector

The job satisfaction has got tremendous attention in organizational research. The focus of this study is to determine the impact of various human resource management practices like job autonomy, team work environment and leadership behavior on job satisfaction. It also investigates the major determinants of job satisfaction in Pakistani banking sector. This study further evaluates the level of difference in job satisfaction among male and female employees. The sample of the study consisted of 450 employees working in different banks of Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Lahore through the questionnaire, of which 295 were returned and processed. SPSS was used to analyze the data, using Independent Sample T Test, Correlation and regression analysis. There is a positive and significant link between job satisfaction and human recourse management practices like team work environment, job autonomy and behavior of leadership. From the findings of the study, it is also inferred that male and female workers have significantly different level of job satisfaction.Human resource management practices, job satisfaction, employees, banking sector

Primary splenic hydatid cyst: a case report with characteristic imaging appearance

A middle-aged lady presented with pain, tenderness and swelling in the left hypochondrium since one month. She had a history of contact with dogs and grazing animals. Sonography and computed tomography showed the pathognomonic signs of hydatid disease. The patient refused surgical treatment. She was discharged on Albendazole therapy and did not return for a follow up

Impact of HR Practices on job Satisfaction of University Teacher: Evidence from Universities in Pakistan

This study investigates the dynamic process through which HR practices (compensation practices, employee performance evaluation practices, promotion practices, empowerment practices) in universities influence individual’s pattern of job satisfaction over the time. Self reported survey method was used to collect data form selected lecturers, associate professors, assistant professors and professors. Finally, sample of 100 participate in this activity in proportion to the percentage of each group in the population. Result of Study described that teacher satisfaction is not predicted by these set of HR practices so there are some other factor which effect satisfaction. Copyright © www.iiste.org Keywords: HR Practices, Satisfaction, University Teachers, Pakista

Assessing nitrate contamination risks in groundwater : a machine learning approach

Groundwater is one of the primary sources for the daily water requirements of the masses, but it is subjected to contamination due to the pollutants, such as nitrate, percolating through the soil with water. Especially in built-up areas, groundwater vulnerability and contamination are of major concern, and require appropriate consideration. The present study develops a novel framework for assessing groundwater nitrate contamination risk for the area along the Karakoram Highway, which is a part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) route in northern Pakistan. A groundwater vulnerability map was prepared using the DRASTIC model. The nitrate concentration data from a previous study were used to formulate the nitrate contamination map. Three machine learning (ML) models, i.e., Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multivariate Discriminant Analysis (MDA), and Boosted Regression Trees (BRT), were used to analyze the probability of groundwater contamination incidence. Furthermore, groundwater contamination probability maps were obtained utilizing the ensemble modeling approach. The models were calibrated and validated through calibration trials, using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve method (AUC), where a minimum AUC threshold value of 80% was achieved. Results indicated the accuracy of the models to be in the range of 0.82–0.87. The final groundwater contamination risk map highlights that 34% of the area is moderately vulnerable to groundwater contamination, and 13% of the area is exposed to high groundwater contamination risk. The findings of this study can facilitate decision-making regarding the location of future built-up areas properly in order to mitigate the nitrate contamination that can further reduce the associated health risks. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Imran” is provided in this record*